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Harris Network Radio Driver Installer is developed by Harris RF Communications and is used by 3 users of Software Informer. The most popular versions of this product among our users are: 1.2, 1.3, 1.6, 1.7 and 1.8. The name of the program executable file is nrdi.exe. The product will soon be reviewed by our informers. View Eric Harris’ profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. Eric has 1 job listed on their profile. Delivery Driver at Delivery Driver Network Denver, Colorado.

Linux Wireless LAN Howto

Wireless+Linux links

Other Howtos

Wireless hardware

Linux links

Foreword

The Linux Wireless LAN Howto is an Open Source project sponsored by Hewlett Packard (through my contribution) since 1996, and built with the contribution of many Linux users all over the world.

I first got involved in the Wireless LAN world by hacking the Wavelan drivers for Linux. I'm quite curious, so I start gathering information to know how the damn beasty was working.

Then, I realised that there was no central point where you could find all this information, links to the drivers and issues with Linux. So, I start stuffing it on my web pages, and it slowly evolved to what you see now.

I'm no longer active on the Wavelan drivers, but I'm also still following the work of Wireless LAN (called as well WLAN or Radio Ethernet), especially in relation with Linux. So, once every century, I update my Linux Wireless LAN Howto (html and pdf available below) and the collection of URLs (after the howto). I hope that it is usefull to someone...

The Linux Wireless LAN Howto

Drivers Harris Network & Wireless Cards Online

I've decided to collect all the information about Wireless LANs and Linux that I was able to find. The goal was also to document my work and to become famous :-) You will find all that information in the Linux Wireless LAN Howto, available in PostScript, PDF and HTML (see below). The original Linux Wireless LAN Howto is available as 3 postscript or acrobat (PDF) documents, which contains the same material but with the original presentation. So if you wish to enjoy a better reading experience or to print it, use those documents :

PostScript :

Acrobat (pdf) :

The translation of the Howto to HTML lack the presentation but is more browser friendly, with cross references, external web links and support of HTML navigation. It is composed of the following documents :

The devices, the drivers - pre-802.11, early 802.11
- Lucent Wavelan & DEC RoamAbout DS (wavelan, wavelan_cs)
- Netwave AirSurfer & Xircom Netwave (netwave_cs)
- Symbol Spectrum24 (FH) (spectrum24_cs)
- Aironet ARLAN (arlan)
The devices, the drivers - 802.11b
- Lucent Wavelan IEEE, Lucent Orinoco, Apple Airport Enterasys RoamAbout 802, Elsa AirLancer 11 & Melco/Buffalo 802.11b
  - Obsolete GPL driver in Pcmcia package (wvlan_cs)
  - MPL/GPL driver in Kernel (orinoco_cs)
  - binary library driver from Lucent, Enterasys & Agere (wavelan2_cs, roamabout_cs, wlags49_cs)
  - MPL/GPL USB driver (orinoco_usb)
  - GPL Airport driver (airport)
- Intersil PrismII based cards (the most common 802.11b cards)
  - MPL driver (linux-wlan-ng) (prism2_cs)
  - PrismII support in the Orinoco driver (orinoco_cs)
  - GPL driver with HostAP mode (hostap_cs)
  - Samsung binary library driver (swld11_cs)
- Symbol Spectrum24 High Rate (802.11b), 3Com AirConnect, Intel PRO/Wireless and Socket Communication
  - Symbol GPL driver (spectrum24t_cs)
  - Ericsson GPL driver (eriwlan_cs)
  - Symbol High Rate support in the Orinoco driver (orinoco_cs)
  - Symbol CF driver based on the Orinoco driver (spectrum_cs)
- Aironet ARLAN 4500, 4800, Cisco 340 and Cisco 350 series
  - MPL driver (airo/airo_cs)
  - Alternate GPL driver (aironet4500_card/aironet4500_cs)
  - Cisco OpenSource driver (airo/airo_cs)
- No Wires Needed Swallow (and BreezeCom DS11) (swallow_cs)
- No Wires Needed 1148, old 3Com XJack (poldhu_cs)
- Atmel AT76C502A/AT76C503A cards (802.11b USB and Pcmcia)
  - Atmel USB/Pcmcia GPL driver (vnetusb)
  - Alternate USB GPL driver (at76c503)
  - Alternate Pcmcia GPL driver (atmel_cs)
- ADMtek ADM8211 based cards
  - ADMtek binary driver (8211)
  - Alternate GPL driver (adm8211)
- Realtek RTL8180L cards
  - Realtek binary driver (rtl8180_24x)
  - Alternate GPL driver (r8180)
The devices, the drivers - 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n
- Intersil PrismIndigo, PrismGT and PrismDuette cards (prism54)
  - FullMAC driver (Prism54)
  - SoftMAC driver (islsm)
  - mac80211 driver (p54)
- Intel PRO/Wireless 2200/2915 cards (Centrino AG MiniPCI)
  - standard driver (ipw2200)
  - HostAP driver (ipw2200-ap)
- Intel PRO/Wireless 3945 cards (Centrino ABG MiniPCI)
  - Intel stack driver (ipw3945)
  - mac80211 driver (iwlwifi)
- Ralink RT2500 cards
  - Ralink driver (rt2x00)
  - BSD driver (ural-linux)
- ZyDAS ZD1211
  - Zydas driver (zd1211)
  - SoftMAC driver (zd1211rw)
- Realtek RTL8185L & RTL8187L
  - Original PCI/Cardbus/USB driver (r8180/r8187)
  - mac80211 USB driver (rtl8187)
The devices, the drivers - other
Wireless LANs in use
- Deployement issues (topology, performance, reliability, coverage, security...)
Wireless LAN technology overview

My Howto finishes here, below is a huge collection of links ;-)

Drivers harris network & wireless cards login

If you want to add links there, send me a nice e-mail...

Wireless LAN drivers web pages

Lot's of people are working to make Linux better in supporting Wireless LANs, you will find down here some link to their web pages. This is only some shortcuts, you will find the complete list of drivers and all the details in the Howto.

Release notes for the Linux Wavelan drivers, that support only the very old Wavelan cards (now obsolete).
Release notes for the Linux Orinoco driver, that support most Orinoco cards, Symbol HR cards and PrismII cards.

Some drivers authors are adding information to the Linux Wireless wiki. They have set up a central linux-Wireless mailing list that only some drivers use.
David Gibson is the author and maintainer of the Orinoco Linux driver. He has a mailing list about it.
Pavel Roskin maintains the Symbol-CF version of the Orinoco driver.
Manuel Estrada Sainz was maintaining the Orinoco-USB version of the Orinoco driver.
Mark S. Mathews is the maintainer of the Prism and Prism II based cards Linux drivers and is doing lot's or work on implementing a 802.11 layer for Linux. He has a couple of mailing list about it.
Benjamin Reed and Javier Achirica have developed a driver for the new Aironet 802.11 wireless LAN cards, and they have a mailing list about it.
Jouni Malinen has developed a driver for the PrismII cards supporting Host AP mode and bridging. He has a mailing list about it.
Atmel has a SourceForge projects for their Atmel USB and Pcmcia drivers, with some mailing lists.
Jörg Albert is maintaining the alternate driver for Atmel USB devices originally written by Oliver Kurth. He has a mailing list about it.
Sam Leffler and Michael Renzmann are maintaining the binary Atheros driver, and have a mailing list about it.
Andreas Mohr and his team are working on the TI ACX100 OpenSource driver, and they have a mailing list about it.
The Prism54 project are maintaining the driver for Intersil 802.11g cards, and they have some mailing lists about it.
James Ketrenos and many people are working on the Intel PRO/Wireless 2100 driver (the infamous Centrino MiniPCI card), they also maintain web pages for the Intel PRO/Wireless 2200, the Intel PRO/Wireless 3945 and the Intel PRO/Wireless 4965. They have a mailing list for the 2100/2200, and another mailing list for the 3945/4965.
Mark Wallis and Ivo van Doorn are maintaining the Ralink RT2400 and RT2500 OpenSource drivers, and they have a mailing list about it.
Michael Buesch and many people are maintaining the Broadcom 43xx OpenSource drivers, and they have a mailing list about it.
Andrea Merello is maintaining the RealTek OpenSource drivers.
Daniel Drake and others are maintaining the ZyDAS ZD1211 OpenSource drivers, and they have a mailing list about it.

John Markus Bjørndalen was the maintainer of the Xircom Netwave Linux driver.
Dag Brattli was the maintainer of the Xircom Netwave Linux driver and the Linux IrDA Project.
Jay Moorman was the maintainer of the Netwave AirSurfer plus driver (only in Netwave mode).
Dave Koberstein was the maintainer of the Proxim RangeLan2 Linux driver, and he had a mailing list about it.
David Leonard was working on a public domain Proxim RangeLan2 Pcmcia driver for OpenBSD and needs help.
Paul Fox was working on a driver for the IBM Wireless LAN Entry card (a product which is now discontinued).
Andreas Neuhaus was the maintainer of the Wavelan IEEE Linux driver.
Moustafa Youssef is the maintainer of the mwvlan driver, a modified version of wvlan_cs with scanning support.
Benjamin Herrenschmidt has modified the Wavelan IEEE driver to make it work with the Apple Airport card.
Lee John Keyser-Allen was the maintainer the Symbol drivers, and he had some discussion forums about it.
Cullen Jennings and Elmer Joandi were the maintainers of the Aironet Arlan Linux driver.
Thomas Corey has developed a driver for the Raytheon Raylink 802.11 wireless LAN (his old homepage).
Reyk Floeter was working on a GPL driver for the various cards based on the ATHEROS 802.11a chipset, and had preliminary source code available (not yet functional).
Jörg Albert is maintaining the old driver for the Elsa MC2 and ZCOM WL24 devices originally written by ZCOM and Elsa. He has a mailing list about it.
Bas Vermeulen has developed a driver for the No Wires Needed 802.11 wireless LAN.

Wireless Linux software on the Internet

Linux Wireless support is not limited to Wireless LAN drivers, you can find tools, distributions and support for other wireless technologies.

Wireless Tools and Applications

I've got a list of Wireless Applications for Linux, including my own Wireless Tools, different quality monitor applets, a Wireless Aware Mobile IP and Wireless Access Point tools.

Wireless LAN Protocol stacks

Mark S. Mathews has developped the linux-wlan 802.11 stack, used by the linux-wlan driver.
Sam Leffler and Michael Renzmann are maintaining the net80211 stack, which is used by the MadWifi driver and by FreeBSD.
James Ketrenos and many people are working on the Intel ieee80211 stack. This stack is currently in the Linux kernel 2.6.14+, is used by various Intel Centrino drivers and is derived from the HostAP driver.
Michael Buesch and Larry Finger are working on the SoftMAC layer for the Intel ieee80211 stack. This layer is currently in the Linux kernel 2.6.17+ and used by various drivers (Broadcom, Zydas...).
Jouni Malinen has developed the ieee80211 devicescape stack, which is derived from the HostAP driver.
Jiri Benc and Jirka Bohac are working on the mac80211 kernel stack (formerly ieee80211 DeviceScape stack). This stack is currently in the Linux kernel 2.6.22+ and used by a few drivers (RealTek...).
James P. Ketrenos and Intel have their own branch of the mac80211 stack for their newer Centrino drivers.
A very long time ago InfoTech was developing a 802.11 software stack for Linux, including the Access Point functionality.

Wireless Linux Distributions

Most distributions support some Wireless cards out of the box, and have the infrastructure to support other cards when the proper driver is installed. Those distributions have a specific focus on Wireless LAN.

IT-University KTH has released Flying Linux, a Linux distribution with native support for wireless LANs (mostly Wavelan IEEE & Mobile IP).
The Linux Router Project (LRP) has also some support for some Wireless Lans, for example there is a Aviator2.4 LRP image and some Wavelan LRP images. Also, there is an LRP Aironet Howto.
Vladimir Ivaschenko has created parprouted, a daemon for transparent IP (Layer 3) proxy ARP bridging. This allow to do 'IP bridging' on any 802.11 card (instead of MAC bridging).
Till Straumann has created a Linux distribution for Airport (to run Linux directly on the Airport or RG-1000 Access Point).
Instant 802 Networks, Inc have created OpenAP, a Linux distribution which directly on Prism II Access Points (such as the US Robotics, SMC or Addtron Access Points). This is based on the HostAP driver.
OpenWRT is a wireless distribution targetting various Home Wireless Routers, such as the famous Linksys WRT54G Access Points.
DD-WRT is a derivative of OpenWRT, adding a better user interface and Radius.
Coova is another derivative of OpenWRT, adding a better user interface and Radius.
WISP-Dist is as embedded Linux distribution for wireless routers based on LEAF Bering and that support Orinoco/Aironet/PrismII cards.
Sputnik Gateway is a distribution that turn a regular PC with a wireless card into a Sputnik Gateway.
ROSE is a Linux distribution that Radionet use to deploy WiFi HotSpots. Like many others, it is based on the HostAP driver.

BlueTooth support

BlueZ is the official BlueTooth stack for Linux. You may also want to consult the mailing lists.
OpenBT is the alternative BlueTooth stack for Linux, which also has its own mailing list.
I've written a quick Howto for Brainboxes cards.

IrDA support

Linux-IrDA is the official IrDA stack for Linux. You may also want to consult the Linux-IrDA mailing list, or its alternative archive.
I've written a short tutorial on Linux-IrDA.
Java-IrDA is an API allowing to access IrDA sockets in Java programs.
IrNET is a IrDA protocol allowing to transport TCP/IP traffic between 2 IrDA nodes efficiently.
e-Squirt is a IrDA sensing and controlling protocol based on URLs.

Other Wireless Technologies

Linux can also be used for Wireless WANs, such as Mobitex.

Security software for your Wireless LAN

The security included in all Wireless LAN is cost effective, so if you want security over your Wireless LAN, you may want to check those packages.

Generic security solutions

Generic security protocols are totally independant of the underlying technology, so will work on any kind of wired or wireless connection. Those solutions are often classical, well defined and proven.

FreeS/WAN is the popular IPsec package for Linux. Only available with 3DES encryption.
WaveSec is a part of the FreeS/WAN project looking at how it FreeS/WAN applies to Wireless LANs. They provide tools, documentations and sample configurations.
Cerberus, an IPsec implementation from NIST. This implementation contain many different encryption cypher (including all the AES finalists), but is subject to US export controls.

OpenSSH, an Open Source implementation of the SSH protocol. A favorite for Unix users.
PoPTop, a PPTP server for Linux.
PPTP-Linux, a PPTP client for Linux. VPN Tunnel for 802.11 https://vtun.sourceforge.net/ -> Claim to do encryption -->

802.11 specific security solutions

802.11 specific solutions are more complex and depend on hardware support. They come in two parts, the first part runs between the card and the Access Point (802.1x, WPA), the second part runs between the Access Point and an authentication server (Radius).

Open1x xsupplicant is an Open Source implementation of the 802.1x protocol (capable of using EAP/TLS to authenticate) for Linux and BSD. Recent version add support for the WPA and WPA2 protocols.
Adam Sulmicki has written a FAQ on how to setup 802.1x with Radius under Linux.
wpa_supplicant is complete implementation of the WPA and WPA2 protocols, providing enhanced privacy and security.

PortSlave is the default Radius server of the LRP (Linux Router Project).
FreeRADIUS, a Radius server with LDAP and SQL support, the official descendant of Cistron RADIUS.
IC-RADIUS, another clone of Cistron RADIUS with MySQL and CGI support.

Public wireless LAN solutions

If you are deploying public wireless LAN access, you often don't want all those complication and can use a simple captive portal.

NoCat is a captive portal based on HTTPS authentication and firewall filtering for Linux currently in development.
Chillispot is a captive portal that support a Radius authentication server. It also works with WPA instead of the HTTP authentication.

Other Linux Wireless Howtos and help

There is a lot of good documentation out there ;-)

Roberto Arcomano has written a good detailed Wireless Howto covering in depth the setup of some Wireless LANs.
Dries Buytaert has written an excellent Linux-wlan FAQ, answering common question mostly related to the linux-wlan-ng Linux driver for Intersil PrismII based cards.
Anindya has done a complete installation Howto for the PrismII and Aironet cards.
Craig has done some technical installation Howto for the TI, Atmel and ADMtek cards.
Personal Telco has a short Wireless FAQ.
Marcel Holtmann has a good page on Wireless LAN, in German.
The Linux Wireless wiki has some good information on more technical details.

The Arlan Wireless Router Howto explain how to use any wireless LAN as a point to point data link between distant houses.
Another excellent Wireless link Howto, where they describe in details all the step by step operations (theory, hardware, software...) of using the Symphony (or other Wireless LAN) as a point to point connection between distant houses. And they have a comprehensive list of links...
The Low Cost Wireless Network Howto explain how to use the Proxim card to create point to point links.
Simon Anderson has a Linux Wireless Access Point HOWTO, which include lot's of good information on various AP topics (HostAP, DHCP, DNS, routing, firewalling, NoCat...).
Yang-Hwee TAN has a quick Howto about Building a Secure Wireless Access Point using the HostAP driver and FreeS/WAN.
Jason Boxman has a pretty extensive Howto on how to use the HostAP driver, especially to set up an Access Point.
Ross Finlayson explain in details how to use Linux as a Wireless router for their wireless ISP (LIVE.COM).
Yunus Bookwala explain how to set-up a Wireless HotSpot, using OpenWrt and focusing mostly on the accounting/security back-end.

John G. Faughnan has a page on home networking, including Wireless LANs and Linux.
Mad Science Research labs explain you how to upgrade the Airport UFO to RC4 128 bits.
Harald Roelle has a page on how to set up a Wavelan IEEE under Linux-PPC and how to connect it to the 'UFO' (the Apple Airport base station).
Elan Digital Systems has a very complete FAQ on how to setup PCI-Pcmcia bridges under Linux.
Jun Sun's has a howto on how to flash PrismII firmwares under Linux or Windows.

If after reading all the documentation above you still can't find the info you are looking, here are a couple of source of help to get in touch with other Linux users.

The Linux Pcmcia web site has the Pcmcia FAQ and some Pcmcia Wireless forums for all questions regarding drivers included in the Linux Pcmcia package and the Linux kernel.
For questions regarding point to point links, the Wavelan users in Autralia have set up a very useful mailing list...
Some individual drivers have specific mailing lists associated with them, those are listed in the Howto...

Public Wireless Linux networks

If you don't want to play alone with your wireless equipement, there are lots of people setting up public wireless networks using Linux. I just picked a few of those with interesting info on their pages.

WiFiMaps has some maps of public wireless connectivity, and allow you to locate those public wireless Access Points.
Linux users in Australia are using the good old Wavelan or the Wavelan IEEE to create point to point data link between distant houses. They have set up a mailing list, which is not Wavelan specific and very useful.
Guerilla Net aim to setup a free network in the area of Boston.
Consume the net want to do the same in the area of London. Many mailing lists.
Elektrosmog wants fast Internet everywhere, starting in Sweeden.
Seattle Wireless wants to build a next-generation community wireless network.
Personal Telco want to build alternative communication networks in the area of Portland. Their web site contains a mountain of information, such as this Wireless FAQ.
NYCwireless wants Free Public Wireless Internet for New York City. They have some mailing lists.
BAWUG, the Bay Area (California) Wireless User group is pretty active and has some mailing lists.
Reseau Citoyen is deploying their wireless network in Bruxelles, Belgium, and has an extensive amount of information in french.

LIVE.COM want you to enjoy wireless coffee in Mountain View, California.
The Shmoo Group has setup a database of public Wireless LAN networks.

Wireless LAN Hardware (surveys and reviews)

Various people maintain some approximate list of the hardware that is compatible with Linux :

Of course, I list a number of vendors in the various sections of the Howto...
Absoval has one of the most exaustive list of wireless cards, and list compatibility of PrismII cards with their own linux-wlan driver.
Hendrik-Jan Heins is now maintaining an updated version of the exaustive list from Absoval. This is very difficult task, so don't be surprised if you find minor errors.
Personal Telco has a short list of PrismII cards (for which many Linux drivers are available).
Seattle Wireless has a pretty long list of cards, but the information on this page is not always correct, so double check.
Kismet Wireless list card compatible with Kismet, and the corresponding driver.
Nicolai Langfeldt has a short list of 802.11g cards comaptible with Linux.
Jacek Pliszka has many tips on how to identify the various card, especially USB devices.
Jason Hecker maintains a list of all Atmel USB devices.
Tarmo Järvalt has long lists of cards containing various chipsets, one page per chipset, including some Google Ads.
The Linux Wireless wiki has some limited hardware surveys.
The NetworkManager team has a complete list of hardware and drivers that works properly with NetworkManager.

Just a few reviews and guides here, not Linux specific.

Most manufacturer web sites are listed in the Howto...
Tim Higgins has a huge amount of 802.11 information on his web site (FAQ, articles, reviews, links), which is acurate, detailed and up to date.
Practically Networked lists and compares the main Wireless LAN products available on the market. Their list is long and they have reviewed in details a lot of products.
I've found a really good web page on the different radio products available (now quite outdated).
Network Computing has a long and complete article comparing various 802.11 products. Definitely worth a read, even if they don't mention Linux support ;-)
PC Magazine/ZDnet has done a short review of 802.11-b products. They have tested the latest products from the big names.
Toms Networking has frequent detailed reviews of various wireless hardware.
Synack Communications has done some testing of the Power Consumptions of some common Wireless LANs.

Other web sites of interest (Wireless LAN related)

A random collection of links. I welcome your suggestions...

The web site of IEEE 802.11, one of the major standard in Wireless LANs. Nowadays, you can get the IEEE 802.11 standard for free !.
The Wireless LAN Alliance for marketing buzz around 802.11.
The WECA is the organisation managing the WiFi certification.
The Wireless LAN Interoperability Forum is promoting Proxim's OpenAir standard.
The HIPERLAN Alliance has a nice white-paper on HiperLan-1.
I've developed the SWAP MAC protocol for Home RF before they decided to change course due to political pressures...

Roger Coudé has developped an impressive package to predict the performance and coverage of a radio system based on the characteristic of the environment.
The State University of Ohio has a basic Overview of 802.11.
Mark S. Mathews has a nice white paper on 802.11.
Intersil (formerly Harris) has a lot of white papers, but they tend to have a very strong bias towards what they are offering.
Lot's of links about Wireless (no longer updated).
Ben Gross has more links about Wireless (mostly Linux related, and quite up to date).
Jacco Tunnissen has lot's of links about Wardriving and Wireless Security.
Bernard Adoba has created The Unofficial 802.11 Security Web Page, with many links about security issues in wireless networks and 802.1x.
Delbert K. Matlock used to have a very complete page on Linux BlueTooth support, linking to all information available on the net on this subject, but hasn't updated it in since 2001.
Foo Chun Choong has a web page that link to various BlueTooth research projects and papers.
The NTIA maintain a chart of the frequencies in use in the US. Try to find the unlicensed bands ;-)
You may also want to check my paper page, especially if you look for either my publications or SWAP information.

Linux and other links

Some personal recommendations on the web...

The project I'm currently officially working on for HP is called CoolTown.

The Linux Kernel Archive. Looking for Linux, that's the place... Want to flame Linus ? Check the linux-kernel mailing list archive.
The Linux Pcmcia package. Most Wireless LAN cards are nowadays comming in Pcmcia form, and that's what you need. David maintains a very neat and useful package. Note that Pcmcia development has migrated to the kernel, you can follow this on the new Pcmcia mailing list.
John Linville wants all the Linux Wireless bug reports to go to the linux-Wireless mailing list archive, but you will usually have better luck with the individual driver mailing lists (listed above). He maintains the wireless-dev GIT repository.
David Miller wants all the TCP/IP bug reports to go to the linux-Networking mailing list archive or the linux-NetDevice mailing list archive. The is also a linux-PPP mailing list archive.
Some outdated user level Mobile IP implementation for Linux and equally outdated Linux Mobile IP information.

The Linux Documentation Project. Lots' of info about Linux, all the docs and Howto (how to set up networking on you Linux box) and tons of links.
The Guide to IP Layer Network Administration with Linux. Advanced, exhaustive, accurate and up to date (that's quite a feat).
Laptops are always more problematic. Werner, alongside the Linux-Mobile-Guide, keeps a long list of laptop specific pages. You can also check the classical Linux on Laptops web site.
The Kernel Notes web site, with kernel changes and more kernel hacking info.
The web page of Alan Cox (who process my patches before they go in the kernel) has some info about Linux and Networking.
The web page of Donald Becker who has authored most Linux Ethernet drivers (but not the HP 100vg driver I use on my PCs).

The Debian distribution. That's the one I use, your mileage may vary...
The NerPerf benchmark. That's the one I use, and I love it !
Hewlett Packard computers. That's the ones I use, you probably guessed why, but at least I never cut my hands plugging cards in their cases...

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Before you begin

Driver updates for Windows 10, along with many devices, such as network adapters, monitors, printers, and video cards, are automatically downloaded and installed through Windows Update. You probably already have the most recent drivers, but if you'd like to manually update or reinstall a driver, here's how:

Update the device driver

In the search box on the taskbar, enter device manager, then select Device Manager.
Select a category to see names of devices, then right-click (or press and hold) the one you’d like to update.
Select Search automatically for updated driver software.
Select Update Driver.
If Windows doesn't find a new driver, you can try looking for one on the device manufacturer's website and follow their instructions.

Reinstall the device driver

In the search box on the taskbar, enter device manager, then select Device Manager.
Right-click (or press and hold) the name of the device, and select Uninstall.
Restart your PC.
Windows will attempt to reinstall the driver.

More help

If you can't see the desktop and instead see a blue, black, or blank screen, see Troubleshoot blue screen errors or Troubleshoot black or blank screen errors.